The 24-year-old suffered a cardiac arrest during an FA Cup tie against Tottenham at White Hart Lane in March.
Muamba collapsed on the pitch and received lengthy treatment from medical personnel including a consultant cardiologist before the match was abandoned.
Although Muamba's heart stopped for more than an hour he has made significant progress, but doctors have advised the player to call time on his career after a trip to Belgium to see a consultant.
Muamba said: "Since suffering my heart attack and being discharged from hospital, I have remained utterly positive in the belief I could one day resume my playing career and play for Bolton Wanderers once again.
"As part of my on-going recovery, last week I travelled to Belgium to seek further medical advice from a leading cardiologist.
"But the news I received was obviously not what I had hoped it would be and it means I am now announcing my retirement from professional football.
"While the news is devastating, I have much to be thankful for. I thank God that I am alive and I pay tribute once again to the members of the medical team who never gave up on me."
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